References & Resources

References

1. Yeisley, C.D., Al-Roubaie, M. (2021). Pelvic Congestion Syndrome and Male Varicoceles. In: Rastinehad, A.R., Siegel, D.N., Wood, B.J., McClure, T. (eds) Interventional Urology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73565-4_33
2. Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A. Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016 Mar-Apr;18(2):179-81. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.172640. PMID: 26763551; PMCID: PMC4770482.
3. Sasson DC, Kashanian JA. Varicoceles. JAMA. 2020;323(21):2210. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0397
4. Chan P. Management options of varicoceles. Indian J Urol. 2011 Jan;27(1):65-73. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.78431. PMID: 21716892; PMCID: PMC3114590.
5. Phillips D, Deipolyi AR, Hesketh RL, Midia M, Oklu R. Pelvic congestion syndrome: etiology of pain, diagnosis, and clinical management. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014 May;25(5):725-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.030. PMID: 24745902.
6. Antignani PL, Lazarashvili Z, Monedero JL, Ezpeleta SZ, Whiteley MS, Khilnani NM, Meissner MH, Wittens CH, Kurstjens RL, Belova L, Bokuchava M, Elkashishi WT, Jeanneret-Gris C, Geroulakos G, Gianesini S, de Graaf R, Krzanowski M, Al Tarazi L, Tessari L, Wikkeling M. Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome: UIP consensus document. Int Angiol. 2019 Aug;38(4):265-283. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.19.04237-8. Epub 2019 Jul 24. PMID: 31345010.
7. Saadat Cheema O, Singh P. Pelvic Congestion Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560790/
8. Durham JD, Machan L. Pelvic congestion syndrome. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013 Dec;30(4):372-80. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1359731. PMID: 24436564; PMCID: PMC3835435.
9. Ignacio EA, Dua R, Sarin S, Harper AS, Yim D, Mathur V, Venbrux AC. Pelvic congestion syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2008 Dec;25(4):361-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1102998. PMID: 21326577; PMCID: PMC3036528.
10. Vascular Disease Management® Volume 17, No. 2, February 2020 E25

External Resources

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/varicocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20378771

https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/sections/ir/advanced-services/varicocele

https://vein.stonybrookmedicine.edu/disease/pelvic-congestion-syndrome